Why the Bible Began: An Alternative History of Scripture and its Origins
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- Author：Jacob L. Wright
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Summary
"A revelation， even to those who have read the Bible for a lifetime！
"We witness how in the aftermath of catastrophic defeat and devastation， the biblical authors fashioned a new form of political community--one in which a shared body of texts provided common ground for deeply divided communities and the marginalized in their communities。 At the heart of the Hebrew Bible is， as Wright shows， not a creed but a What does it mean to be a people？ In our time of deepening divisions， both this question and the ways in which these ancient writers addressed it deserve renewed， and serious， attention。"
-- Robert M。 Franklin， President Emeritus， Morehouse College
Why did no other ancient society produce something like the Bible？ That a tiny， out of the way community could have created a literary corpus so determinative for peoples across the globe seems improbable。
For Jacob Wright， the Bible is not only a testimony of survival， but also an unparalleled achievement in human history。 Forged after Babylon's devastation of Jerusalem， it makes not victory but total humiliation the foundation of a new idea of belonging。 Lamenting the destruction of their homeland， scribes who composed the Bible imagined a promise-filled past while reflecting deeply on abject failure。 More than just religious scripture， the Bible began as a trailblazing blueprint for a new form of political community。 Its response to catastrophe offers a powerful message of hope and restoration that is unique in the Ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman worlds。
Wright's Bible is thus a social， political， and even economic roadmap - one that enabled a small and obscure community located on the periphery of leading civilizations and empires not just to come back from the brink， but ultimately to shape the world's destiny。 The Bible speaks ultimately of being a united yet diverse people， and its pages present a manual of pragmatic survival strategies for communities confronting societal collapse。
"A fascinating look at the Bible and its origins — not necessarily who， what， when， and where， though those are all discussed， but above all， why？ Why was it created？ Why did it originate where it did？ Why did it survive and resonate so much down through the ages？ Armed with a scholar's acumen and a writer's dexterity with prose， Jacob Wright addresses these questions and offers us an intriguing alternative look at the origins of the Hebrew Bible and why it mattered both back then and still today。
"Sure to elicit much discussion and debate， this is a must read by one of the most interesting and provocative scholars working today。"
-- Eric Cline， archeologist， historian， and author of the best-selling 1177 The Year Civilization Collapsed。
"We witness how in the aftermath of catastrophic defeat and devastation， the biblical authors fashioned a new form of political community--one in which a shared body of texts provided common ground for deeply divided communities and the marginalized in their communities。 At the heart of the Hebrew Bible is， as Wright shows， not a creed but a What does it mean to be a people？ In our time of deepening divisions， both this question and the ways in which these ancient writers addressed it deserve renewed， and serious， attention。"
-- Robert M。 Franklin， President Emeritus， Morehouse College
Why did no other ancient society produce something like the Bible？ That a tiny， out of the way community could have created a literary corpus so determinative for peoples across the globe seems improbable。
For Jacob Wright， the Bible is not only a testimony of survival， but also an unparalleled achievement in human history。 Forged after Babylon's devastation of Jerusalem， it makes not victory but total humiliation the foundation of a new idea of belonging。 Lamenting the destruction of their homeland， scribes who composed the Bible imagined a promise-filled past while reflecting deeply on abject failure。 More than just religious scripture， the Bible began as a trailblazing blueprint for a new form of political community。 Its response to catastrophe offers a powerful message of hope and restoration that is unique in the Ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman worlds。
Wright's Bible is thus a social， political， and even economic roadmap - one that enabled a small and obscure community located on the periphery of leading civilizations and empires not just to come back from the brink， but ultimately to shape the world's destiny。 The Bible speaks ultimately of being a united yet diverse people， and its pages present a manual of pragmatic survival strategies for communities confronting societal collapse。
"A fascinating look at the Bible and its origins — not necessarily who， what， when， and where， though those are all discussed， but above all， why？ Why was it created？ Why did it originate where it did？ Why did it survive and resonate so much down through the ages？ Armed with a scholar's acumen and a writer's dexterity with prose， Jacob Wright addresses these questions and offers us an intriguing alternative look at the origins of the Hebrew Bible and why it mattered both back then and still today。
"Sure to elicit much discussion and debate， this is a must read by one of the most interesting and provocative scholars working today。"
-- Eric Cline， archeologist， historian， and author of the best-selling 1177 The Year Civilization Collapsed。
Reviews
Jenna Deaton
，
Why the Bible Began by Jacob L。 Wright is the kind of non fiction read that I feel I will approach several times before developing a full opinion of 。 The topic of why and how the Bible became what it is is fascinating and Wright brings an easy to digest writing style to the work of dissecting it 。 I will definitely be nabbing a physical copy as soon as I am able 。
Cass Chloupek
，
It is an interesting story that seeks to clarify how the narrative corpus of the Bible was formed。 Often using archeological means， the story describes the elements of the biblical tale that are almost certain to have occurred and those with which a great deal of embellishments or outright lies were utilized。 Often times this is done in the form of combining individual narrative from disparate peoples into one rendition so as to fabricate a United history that did not actually exist。 The new ren It is an interesting story that seeks to clarify how the narrative corpus of the Bible was formed。 Often using archeological means， the story describes the elements of the biblical tale that are almost certain to have occurred and those with which a great deal of embellishments or outright lies were utilized。 Often times this is done in the form of combining individual narrative from disparate peoples into one rendition so as to fabricate a United history that did not actually exist。 The new rendering of Israeli and Jewish history is often an amalgamation of various real stories coupled with outlandish tenets so as to bolster the prestige and historical legacy of Israel and its people。 It reconciles biblical assertions with historical truths in way that is both honest yet respectful of the reverence culturally shown to the preeminent Christian corpus。 At times clunky and dense， the story is often bogged down by the jump from one historical fact to the other in a form not conducive to the rendering of a successful narrative story。 While the story is interest enough， the execution did not engender positive sentiments。 。。。more
Ryan
，
Why The Bible Began does a great job looking at the history behind the Bible rather than the mythology and legend that raised many of us。 Scholarly， but not dry and boring， Wright makes sense of the mix of narratives and motives that were pulled together in the most influential text ever constructed。Thank you to NetGalley and Cambridge University Press for an ARC of this book。
Kristjan
，
The Hebrew Bible （Old Testament） is one of the foundational sacred scriptures for three （3） [Abrahamic] religions。 Each tradition takes a slightly different approach to interpreting what it actually says （exegesis）， but few commentaries explore why each story is told the way it is told … perhaps because of a presumption that because they were inspired by God， they did not actually change or evolve … a presumption that is no longer the general consensus of biblical scholars。 In fact， there is a s The Hebrew Bible （Old Testament） is one of the foundational sacred scriptures for three （3） [Abrahamic] religions。 Each tradition takes a slightly different approach to interpreting what it actually says （exegesis）， but few commentaries explore why each story is told the way it is told … perhaps because of a presumption that because they were inspired by God， they did not actually change or evolve … a presumption that is no longer the general consensus of biblical scholars。 In fact， there is a significant wing that promotes the exact opposite supported by recent discoveries of ancient versions of the text that appear to illustrate how they evolved over time for different jewish communities。 Stepping into that academic line of questioning， Why the Bible Began begins with accepting this evolution as fact and then takes it one step further by suggesting that there was a specific purpose to the work of these historical redactors and a specific reason these changes endured （why the work）。Most biblical scholars are familiar with the document hypothesis … this appears to take a slightly different approach。 It starts with the idea that there really never was a United Monarchy … in fact， the starting point very nearly aligns with the minimalists view of early Israel。 As such， we start to see parts of what appears to be conflicting traditions woven together for a specific goal … to create the idea of a people define by belief and practice instead of by territory or ruler in order to help the community survive being under the heel of external conquerors。 What I found interesting is how this was a concept that was mostly driven by circumstances … in other words， it was the fall of the Northern Kingdom of Israel that provided much of the skill and source material to weave together disparate traditions to make a unified national narrative。 Then it was the subsequent fall of the Southern Judean Kingdom that forced the creation of a people narrative to united the community throughout all of the diaspora。Over all， despite being more of an academic piece， it was well supported and very accessible if you are interested and open to this approach … it won’t work for everybody。 There are a lot of references to assumptions that represent current research that make this more of a companion work that provides a solid overview with a deeper dive into the support to fully understand the why the author takes the stance that he does。The chapters and sections in this work are:IntroductionPart I - The Rise and FallChapter 1 - Abraham and Sarah: From One to the ManyChapter 2 - Miriam: Empire and ExodusChapter 3 - Deborah: A New DawnChapter 4 - King David: Between North and SouthChapter 5 - Ahab and Jezebel: Putting Israel on the MapChapter 6 - Jehu and Elisha: Israel’s Downfall and Judah’s JubilationChapter 7 - Hezekiah and Isaiah: Putting Judah on the MapChapter 8 - Josiah and Huldah: Judah’s Downfall and DeportationPart II - Admitting DefeatChapter 9 - Daughter Zion : Finding One’s VoiceChapter 10 - The Creator: Comforting the AfflictedChapter 11 - Haggai the Prophet: Laying the FoundationChapter 12 - Nehemiah the Builder: Restoring Judean PrideChapter 13 - Ezra the Educator: Forming a People of the BookChapter 14 - Hoshayahu the Soldier: Peoplehood as a Pedagogical ProjectPart III - A New NarrativeChapter 15 - Jeremiah and Baruch: A Monument to DefeatChapter 16 - Isaac and Rebekah: The Family StoryChapter 17 - Moses and Joshua: The People’s HistoryChapter 18 - Hannah and Samuel: The Palace HistoryChapter 19 - Solomon and the Queen of Sheba: The National NarrativeChapter 20 - Jonah and the Whale: The prophets as Survival LiteratureChapter 21 - Yhwh and His People: Codes， Covenant， and KinshipPart IV - A People of ProtestChapter 22 - The Matriarch: Women and the Biblical AgendaChapter 23 - The Hero: Redefining Gender RolesChapter 24 - The Other: Tales of War， Outsiders， and AllegianceChapter 25 - The Soldier: Sacrificial Death and Eternal LifeChapter 26 - The Prophet and the Priest: Open Access， Public transparency and Separation of PowersChapter 27 - The Sage: Job， Proverbs， and EcclesiastesChapter 28 - The Poet: Song of Songs and PsalmsChapter 29 - The Queen: Peoplehood without PietyChapter 30 - Conclusions: Nations， Nationalism， and New BiblesSome of the other points that really got my attention are:（view spoiler）[ Through its destruction at the hands of the Assyrians and Babylonians， the nation became essentially a religious community held together by the cult。 The precondition for this religious community was foreign control， which forced Jews from the political sphere into the spiritual That Elohim created humans in his image was a radical claim。 Traditionally， only the king is made in the divine image; here it is all humans。 Rather， the scribes who curated the biblical corpus consciously took what priests and palace members had long guarded as their special heritage and made it available， and indeed mandatory， for the education and edification of the entire nation。 Having forfeited territorial sovereignty， communities in both the North and South needed to create for themselves a space in a foreign empire。 The space they carved out is not so much territorial and political as it is social， one demarcated by practice and behavior。 And because this project was by and large the work of scribes， the tools they used for demarcating it were written traditions。 The answer to this question bears directly on two rival accounts of the nation’s origins。 We have just explored how scribes created one account， the Family Story， by connecting the originally independent figures of Abraham， Isaac， and Jacob。 We now turn our attention to a competing work， the Exodus-Conquest Account， that begins with the stories of Moses’ birth and commission。 The People ’s History consists， as we saw， of two parts: the Family Story of Genesis and the Exodus-Conquest Account。 At the heart of the Family Story are traditions related to Isaac， Esau， and Jacob; they likely originated before the downfall of the Northern kingdom in 722 but were clearly reworked – from both Northern and Southern perspectives – for centuries thereafter。 Over the centuries， Southerners came to see themselves as members of the people of Israel。 As they did， the People’s History became a prehistory and preamble to the older Palace History， with the People’s History furnishing a framework for the most formative stories as well as collections of divinely revealed laws。 With this sacred object， scribes charted a path from Mount Sinai to Mount Zion。 These two fixed points in the National Narrative correspond to two competing social circles， one that identified with the Torah and the study of texts， and the other that identified with the temple and priestly rituals。 The Ark thread in the National Narrative ties them together by telling how Moses deposited the tablets of the Torah in the Ark， and then how later Solomon deposited the Ark containing these tablets in the temple。 The inception of the covenant thus provided a major impetus for scribes to embellish the National Narrative。 Older portions of those books had already combined disparate histories into a common story， giving divided communities a shared past and sense of kinship。 But after being reworked， the narrative’s overarching purpose is to demonstrate the validity of the covenant， culminating with the destruction of Jerusalem and the exile of Judah。 The scribes who curated the biblical corpus clearly did not want make space for some form of heavenly afterlife。 For them， future life and “resurrection”were to be sought in a revived community after its death in defeat–one with families finding their ultimate happiness in the enjoyment of the good， God-given earth that had been created to endure for eternity。 Thanks to these ambitious editorial moves， the Pentateuch punctures the bubble of priestly privilege。 Prerogative becomes duty。 It is no longer a matter of what the priests get to do but rather what they have to do。 They are to perform their tasks on behalf of the nation， and they must neither shirk their duties nor bend them according to political influence。 （hide spoiler）]I was given this free advance reader copy （ARC） ebook at my request and have voluntarily left this review。#WhyTheBibleBegan #NetGalley 。。。more
Avi-Gil
，
**Received ebook for free from NetGalley in return for an honest review。Wright’s latest book takes a look at nearly every book of the （Hebrew） Bible and presents a cohesive theory as to when and why the Bible was written。 In short， Wright posits that the entire enterprise was a systematic， post-exilic way of creating a single nation （Israelite， Israel， Judea， Jewish - or whatever moniker you prefer） by weaving various legends sourced from disparate tribes and kingdoms in the region of Israel/Jud **Received ebook for free from NetGalley in return for an honest review。Wright’s latest book takes a look at nearly every book of the （Hebrew） Bible and presents a cohesive theory as to when and why the Bible was written。 In short， Wright posits that the entire enterprise was a systematic， post-exilic way of creating a single nation （Israelite， Israel， Judea， Jewish - or whatever moniker you prefer） by weaving various legends sourced from disparate tribes and kingdoms in the region of Israel/Judea into a single history。 For example， he suggests that the patriarchs - Abraham， Isaac， and Jacob - were initially three unrelated folk heroes （without taking a firm stand on the historicity of these characters and/or specific stories about them） who were eventually combined into a single family to make the history cohere。 While there are lots of gems throughout （the chapter towards the end on Esther was particularly interesting）， I found the book to be somewhat difficult to read， with too much time spent teasing future chapters and saying what is going to be covered later rather than just presenting the current chapter。 In addition， while he ends each chapter with an extensive bibliography for further reading， too many points are presented as “scholars believe” or “many think” without presenting the evidence （textual， archeological， or otherwise） to back up a claim。 As someone who has studied the Bible through both a traditional religious and academic lens for many years， many of these views that are presented as consensus would benefit from some more explicit discussion。Overall， while I enjoyed parts of the book and found much in it that could align with traditional （Orthodox） Jewish theology， the gaps in explaining what has led to academic consensus on a variety of points throughout the book make it a difficult primer for those not already versed on all of the relevant issues。 。。。more
Dave
，
It's an interesting book， but I'm still unclear about some of the chronology， and Wright absolutely privileges the Pentateuch and the Wisdom Literature over the Prophets， although Joshua， Judges， and First and Second Kings get quite a bit of attention。 Still， very worth reading for what it says about nationhood vs。 peoplehood， and Wright comes down on the side of the latter。 It's an interesting book， but I'm still unclear about some of the chronology， and Wright absolutely privileges the Pentateuch and the Wisdom Literature over the Prophets， although Joshua， Judges， and First and Second Kings get quite a bit of attention。 Still， very worth reading for what it says about nationhood vs。 peoplehood， and Wright comes down on the side of the latter。 。。。more
John Bosco
，
If you have a read an academic text on the Hebrew Bible， you have probably read about the what， or the who， or the where， or when， or how。 What I had never read about was the why。 WHY did the Jewish people write the Hebrew Bible the way it is？ What was going on historically that led to not only the writing of this anthology of texts， but for it to be compiled together in the way it is over hundreds of years。In this way， Jacob Wright's Why the Bible Began is a thorough historical and theological If you have a read an academic text on the Hebrew Bible， you have probably read about the what， or the who， or the where， or when， or how。 What I had never read about was the why。 WHY did the Jewish people write the Hebrew Bible the way it is？ What was going on historically that led to not only the writing of this anthology of texts， but for it to be compiled together in the way it is over hundreds of years。In this way， Jacob Wright's Why the Bible Began is a thorough historical and theological examination of the Hebrew Bible， all to answer that elusive question: why。 The short of it is that the Jewish people were looking to create an identify of peoplehood。 Those living in the Davidic dynasty wrote from a Jewish identity in the monarchy。 The Northerners who were separated from their southern counter-parts in Jerusalem， wrote from a Jewish identity based in the every day people。 Others wrote from exile and so needed to think of their people as not place-bound。Through four parts， Wright gives an intensely researched history of the region and culture， from the earliest moments of civilization in Mesopotamia， through the early Hellenistic period， and you slowly learn how the Hebrew Bible came down through the centuries to the present in the form it currently holds。Written from an academic standpoint， but with chapters split into small pieces that can be slowly digested over a longer period of time， this book is one of the best books I have ever read relating to the Hebrew Bible。 If you are interested in theology， history， or just this time period， this is one book you must check out！ 。。。more
Jessica
，
In Why the Bible Began， Jacob L。 Wright thoroughly and thoughtfully examines the Hebrew Bible to address the question， "What does it mean to be a people？ Not a kingdom， city， clan， empire， or ethnicity， but a people。" Through rigorous research， the author situates the conquered cities of Jerusalem and Judah within a larger cultural context and considers how and why the corpus of literature， now known best as the Old Testament， arose and persisted。 He goes on to analyze its far-reaching impact on In Why the Bible Began， Jacob L。 Wright thoroughly and thoughtfully examines the Hebrew Bible to address the question， "What does it mean to be a people？ Not a kingdom， city， clan， empire， or ethnicity， but a people。" Through rigorous research， the author situates the conquered cities of Jerusalem and Judah within a larger cultural context and considers how and why the corpus of literature， now known best as the Old Testament， arose and persisted。 He goes on to analyze its far-reaching impact on modern religion， theology， and politics。 This is， overall， quite a compelling and accessible volume with an excellent set of end notes to guide further study。 I highly recommend it to anybody deeply interested in Biblical history， regardless of whether that interest is faith-based or secular。 Side note: Why the Bible Began: An Alternative History of Scripture and its Origins reads well with David M。 Carr's Holy Resilience: The Bible's Traumatic Origins （Yale University Press， 2014）， overlapping somewhat but ultimately answering similar questions from a different angle and providing a much-needed complementary perspective。 For the casual scholar， the two volumes together provide an excellent jumping-off point for a （re）consideration of the genesis and legacy of Hebrew scripture。[I received an ARC of this title in exchange for an honest review。] 。。。more
Mhughessc
，
Jacob Wright， a Bible professor and author of several books focused on Biblical studies， has now authored "Why the Bible Began: An Alternative History of Scripture and its Origins。" In this book， Wright argues that the Bible is good for more than just simply to be used as a "moral guide。" He discusses the History of the Bible， the meaning found in ancient writings， and its origins。 I appreciated that he wanted to get past the rote answer of "The Bible exists because God wanted to reveal divine t Jacob Wright， a Bible professor and author of several books focused on Biblical studies， has now authored "Why the Bible Began: An Alternative History of Scripture and its Origins。" In this book， Wright argues that the Bible is good for more than just simply to be used as a "moral guide。" He discusses the History of the Bible， the meaning found in ancient writings， and its origins。 I appreciated that he wanted to get past the rote answer of "The Bible exists because God wanted to reveal divine truth to us。"This book is more academic than practical which made it a little difficult to read through at times。 However， I can appreciate the time and effort Wright obviously put into authoring this book。 For someone who's looking for something a little deeper than the typical Bible studies you find at the store， this will be your book！ Thanks to NetGalley for the ARC。 All opinions are my own。 。。。more
Andrea
，
Why the Bible Began is a fascinating book on a topic in which many people take great interest。 The book starts off with the history of Israel and Judah （including countries/regions surrounding the aforementioned countries）。 The remainder of the book goes into the explanation as to what is believed to be the origins of the Bible （I really should say Hebrew Bible） itself。 The explanation， which of course is most of the book， goes into great detail as to the whens， whys， and how's that make the Bib Why the Bible Began is a fascinating book on a topic in which many people take great interest。 The book starts off with the history of Israel and Judah （including countries/regions surrounding the aforementioned countries）。 The remainder of the book goes into the explanation as to what is believed to be the origins of the Bible （I really should say Hebrew Bible） itself。 The explanation， which of course is most of the book， goes into great detail as to the whens， whys， and how's that make the Bible a cohesive book about one people。 I do admit that the section on the history of Israel and Judah is lengthy and a bit complicated， but once through that section， I found the book much more fascinating and informative than I expected！ In fact， I was surprised by what was presented， however， I see all points as valid and it does give food for thought。 I know that many might disagree。 Regardless， I highly recommend reading Why the Bible Began - I promise， it does not disappoint！ 。。。more
Boukie's Bookshop
，
Jacob Wright's thought-provoking book， 'The Bible: A Blueprint for Hope and Restoration，' offers a captivating exploration of the extraordinary origins and enduring significance of the Bible。 With meticulous research and insightful analysis， Wright unveils how a marginalized community transformed their profound loss into a powerful narrative of resilience and renewal。 A must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the Bible's profound impact on human history。Thanks to NetGalley， the au Jacob Wright's thought-provoking book， 'The Bible: A Blueprint for Hope and Restoration，' offers a captivating exploration of the extraordinary origins and enduring significance of the Bible。 With meticulous research and insightful analysis， Wright unveils how a marginalized community transformed their profound loss into a powerful narrative of resilience and renewal。 A must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the Bible's profound impact on human history。Thanks to NetGalley， the author， and the publisher for the digital advance copy of the book in exchange for my honest opinion。 。。。more
Karen Hammond
，
My only negative comment is that on occasions this did feel a bit like being back at uni with my small brain struggling to take so much in。 On the positive side， it was wonderfully informative and the detail was astounding。 A huge book on understanding the history behind the bible。
Andrea Wenger
，
From the rubble of the Babylonian invasion and the fall of Jerusalem， the people of Israel created a remarkable and enduring work of literature unequaled in the ancient world。 In "Why the Bible Began，" the author argues that the Jewish Bible created a national identity from experiences of trauma and diaspora。 By carrying the history and wisdom of their forebears with them in written form， the people of Israel could remain a nation no matter where they lived。This is a beautifully written， deeply From the rubble of the Babylonian invasion and the fall of Jerusalem， the people of Israel created a remarkable and enduring work of literature unequaled in the ancient world。 In "Why the Bible Began，" the author argues that the Jewish Bible created a national identity from experiences of trauma and diaspora。 By carrying the history and wisdom of their forebears with them in written form， the people of Israel could remain a nation no matter where they lived。This is a beautifully written， deeply researched， and easy to understand academic work。 Because it's an academic work， it resorts to citations and "further reading" lists instead of comprehensive explanations。 For instance， it claims that David was a Judean warlord rather than a king of a united Israel—but offers no support for this claim within the text。 I understand that explanations like this are outside the scope of the book， and we're intended to consult other sources for this information。 But as a reader， I found this practice frustrating。 The book felt incomplete。 Still， it's an engaging book and well worth reading。Thanks， NetGalley， for the ARC I received。 This is my honest and voluntary review。 。。。more
Dale Dewitt
，
A deep， thoroughly researched， book that asks the question of WHY is there a bible？ Amazingly detailed and matching other historical documents， artefacts and research to show the biblical narrative had corollaries marked in history， mostly exaggerated， that sought to create a document to define and unite one people beyond those of tribe， king and country。 I will admit this book felt at time like I was reading a text book and the author too many times stated "we will cover 。。。 in this chapter" or A deep， thoroughly researched， book that asks the question of WHY is there a bible？ Amazingly detailed and matching other historical documents， artefacts and research to show the biblical narrative had corollaries marked in history， mostly exaggerated， that sought to create a document to define and unite one people beyond those of tribe， king and country。 I will admit this book felt at time like I was reading a text book and the author too many times stated "we will cover 。。。 in this chapter" or "in the preceding chapter" etc。 you feel you are in a course instead or reading a book。 。。。more
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